Topic provided by client as a parameter which will be injected into our environment and used for asynchronous requests sent back to client.
Update: Toine Siebelink had a conversation with Tony Finnerty it has been agreed CPS is to configure a (temporary) dedicated client-topic as final destination for the async replies: we now want to propose to use a common ‘cps-broadcast’ topic which also will used for broadcasting messages like cm handles being added o removed etc.
Still it is only a temporary solution until the client have a better way of declaring their own topics. It does not affect our proposed interfaces, just the name of the topic that will be accepted by NCMP (for now)
Update: After discussion with Fiachra Corcoran regarding Kafka-strimzi it has been agreed that we will define a topic for client responses in advance (defined upfront). After release K it is envisioned that auto creation of topics will be disbaled by default thus the client will have to use our predefined topic.
Response was that there aren't any conventions to speak of but we would use dashes (i.e. my-new-topic) instead of dot notation (i.e. my.new.topic) for topic name
ncmp-async-m2m
3
Are adding a new REST endpoint for async or modifying an existing endpoint?
To facilitate asynchronous requests to DMI we will need to either create a new endpoint or modify existing endpoint to include /async flag. The second solution may not be backwards compatible. However creating a new endpoint solely for a flag is also not ideal. We could add async to list of options (but this might interfere with the purpose of /options.
Additionally, considered adding a new endpoint for async which simply re-routes the response to the original endpoint while adding the logic for OK response to the client. However, would this lead to a change in the schema? If so, would this be backwards compatible?
Passthrough request need to be able to handle different response types (using accept header) but the async option would have a fixed and possibly different response type.
Do we actually require futures in this implementation proposal?
It could be argued that the need for futures is made redundant by the fact we call dmi from ncmp through rest and the response will be consumed via Kafka.
What benefit would future give us in this case?
Not needed
12
ID Generation
Which mechanism to use? Look at CPS-Temporal and follow to keep consistency
Can robot framework verify if Kafka events have been sent/received
This would be less work and overhead (rather than creating/.maintaining client app)
Will need to verify if 3PP libraries are safe to introduce into codebase. If so, what is the process? Do they need to be FOSSed?
Integration testing should be carried out by a client of NCMP. Demo can be performed up the point NCMP produces message for the client.
14
Can Webflux do this work with less code/impl?
Sourabh Sourabh suggested using this to compliment our existing approach. By adding webflux we add an event loop to synchronize and access I/O connections to the database.
No, It will compliment the design by adding an event loop for I/O synchronization and access. See: CPS-850
15
ONAP may be deprecating PLAINTEXT for Kafka. Strimzi Kafka might need to be used
The underlying implementation won't be affected. The config will contain relevant configuration for protocol (e.g. PLAINTEXT, SASL) and connections.
This information needs to be made configurable when implementing.
16
Should we have something like the message count in the response or an indication of the last message at least.?
On the topic=Xyz async analysis, One item I forgot to mention was when a client might know when they have received the last response message for a request.
If async there may be many responses (otherwise there's no need for async)
Therefore should it not have something like the message count in it or an indication of the last message at least.
This is another step in an evolution of the product. Multiple response messages might become a necessity for asycnc bulk operations and maybe that is when we can discuss it in more detail. I don’t think it has to affect our current implementation additional field to handle that can always be added in a backward compatible way.
17
Do we need Kafka messaging between DMI and NCMP?
This was discussed as it was argued that the client and CPS ecosystem is decoupled and async using only bus between ncmp and client. However, this would not rectify blocking calls between ncmp and dmi.
It was decided to have two separate kafka topics for client → ncmp & ncmp → dmi
Async: NCMP Rest impl. including Request ID generation
AC Points :
2. cm handle does not exists
3. No DMI registration for CM Handle
AC point 2 : We agreed to check only if cm handle exists. If cm does not exists will get Http status 404 as below.
{ "status": "404 NOT_FOUND", "message": "DataNode not found", "details": "DataNode with xpath /dmi-registry/cm-handles[@id='my-cm-handle1'] was not found for anchor ncmp-dmi-registry and dataspace NCMP-Admin." }
AC point 3 . Is not valid.
20
Client Kafka User & Privileges
After discussion with Fiachra Corcoran regarding Kafka-strimzi we will need to ensure client can access Kafka user and be allocated sufficient privileges (principle of least privilege)
It would be good to have async implementation only dependent on NCMP. So that it does not break or work with only few DMI plugins. I think a DMI plugin independent async flow would be like 1. Once request is received, check if dmi plugin exist. If exists, generate request uuid, send the message to the Kafka topic (or store it in DB), and send an accepted response back to client. 2. NCMP will listen to the same topic or read from the DB. Process it by calling appropriate DMI Plugins synchronously. After it receives the response back, it sends to to Kafka topic provided in the input by user.
In this implementation, we are not dependent on the DMI implementation. We do need persistence for storing async request. It can be a stored in DB or Kafka, it does not matter as long as we can read it in the same order.
The main points are 1. No dependency on the DMI for async behavior
2. No async request get lost because of pod restart or JVM crash.
Proposed Message Format
Success ScenarioExpand source
DMI Event sent to NCMP
-------------------------------
{
"eventId" : "9999", # some generic event uuid generated by DMI Plugin
“eventCorrelationId” : “request-009995”, # for event correlation - acts as the request Id when
# eventType=org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event
"eventTime" : "2021-11-16T16:42:25-04:00",
"eventSource" : "org.onap.ncmp", # ??? Is this needed?
"eventType" : "org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event", # event type for async request response events
”eventSchema” : “org.onap.ncmp:async-request-response-event:v1", # event schema for async request response events
“eventTarget” : “topic:client-application-topic” ” # indicates where to route the event
# - ‘topic’ is default target type
"event": {
“response-data-schema” : “org.onap.cps.yang-patch-json:v1”,
“response-status” : “SUCCESS”,
“response-code” : “201”,
“response-data” : {
…
<response-data-payload>
…
}
}
}
NCMP Event forwarded to Client topic (in eventTarget)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
{
"eventId" : "33001", # some generic event uuid generated by NCMP
“eventCorrelationId” : “request-009995”, # for event correlation - acts as the request Id when
# eventType=org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event
"eventTime" : "2015-11-16T16:42:26-05:06",
"eventSource" : "org.onap.ncmp", # The source of the event
"eventType" : "org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event", # event type for async request response events
”eventSchema” : “org.onap.ncmp:async-request-response-event:v1", # event schema for async request response events
"eventOrigin" : {
"eventId" : "00001", # some generic event uuid generated by DMI Plugin
"eventTime" : "2021-11-16T16:42:25-04:00",
“eventCorrelationId” : “request-009995”,
"eventSource" : "org.onap.dmi", # ??? Is this needed?
"eventType" : "org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event", # event type for async request response events
”eventSchema” : “org.onap.ncmp:async-request-response-event:v1", # event schema for async request response events
“eventTarget” : “topic:client-application-topic”
}
"event": {
“response-data-schema” : “org.onap.cps.yang-patch-json:v1”,
“response-status” : “SUCCESS”,
“response-code” : “201”,
“response-data” : {
…
<response-data-payload>
…
}
}
}
Failure ScenarioExpand source
DMI Event sent to NCMP
-------------------------------
{
"eventId" : "9999", # some generic event uuid generated by DMI Plugin
“eventCorrelationId” : “request-009995”, # for event correlation - acts as the request Id when
# eventType=org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event
"eventTime" : "2021-11-16T16:42:25-04:00",
"eventSource" : "org.onap.ncmp", # ??? Is this needed?
"eventType" : "org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event", # event type for async request response events
”eventSchema” : “org.onap.ncmp:async-request-response-event:v1", # event schema for async request response events
“eventTarget” : “topic:client-application-topic” ” # indicates where to route the event
# - ‘topic’ is default target type "event": {
“response-data-schema” : “org.onap.cps.generic-error:v1”,
“response-status” : “FAILURE”,
“response-code” : “404”,
“response-data” : {
…
<response-data-payload-as-org.onap.ncmp.generic-error:v1>
…
}
}
}
NCMP Event forwarded to Client topic (defined in eventTarget)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
{
"eventId" : "33001", # some generic event uuid generated by NCMP
“eventCorrelationId” : “request-009995”, # for event correlation - acts as the request Id when
# eventType=org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event
"eventTime" : "2015-11-16T16:42:26-05:06",
"eventSource" : "org.onap.ncmp", # The source of the event
"eventType" : "org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event", # event type for async request response events
”eventSchema” : “org.onap.ncmp:async-request-response-event:v1", # event schema for async request response events
"eventOrigin" : {
"eventId" : "00001", # some generic event uuid generated by DMI Plugin
"eventTime" : "2021-11-16T16:42:25-04:00",
“eventCorrelationId” : “request-009995”,
"eventSource" : "org.onap.dmi", # ??? Is this needed?
"eventType" : "org.onap.ncmp.async-request-response-event", # event type for async request response events
”eventSchema” : “org.onap.ncmp:async-request-response-event:v1", # event schema for async request response events
“eventTarget” : “topic:client-application-topic”
}
"event": {
“response-data-schema” : “org.onap.cps.generic-error:v1”,
“response-status” : “FAILURE”,
“response-code” : “404”,
“response-data” : {
…
<response-data-payload-as-org.onap.ncmp.generic-error:v1>
…
}
}
}
Kafka config & Implementation
Example Kafka Consumer Implementation from CPS-Temporal
The below code snippet taken from cps-temporal can be used in the same way in NCMP to listen to message from DMI substituting the topics and errorHandler
Example Kafka Consumer Implementation Expand source
/**
* Consume the specified event.
*
* @param cpsDataUpdatedEvent the data updated event to be consumed and persisted.
*/
@KafkaListener(topics = "${app.listener.data-updated.topic}", errorHandler = "dataUpdatedEventListenerErrorHandler")
public void consume(final CpsDataUpdatedEvent cpsDataUpdatedEvent) {
log.debug("Receiving {} ...", cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
// Validate event envelop
validateEventEnvelop(cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
// Map event to entity
final var networkData = this.cpsDataUpdatedEventMapper.eventToEntity(cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
log.debug("Persisting {} ...", networkData);
// Persist entity
final var persistedNetworkData = this.networkDataService.addNetworkData(networkData);
log.debug("Persisted {}", persistedNetworkData);
}
Example Kafka Consumer Config from CPS-Temporal
Example Kafka Consumer ConfigExpand source
# ============LICENSE_START=======================================================
# Copyright (c) 2021 Bell Canada.
# ================================================================================
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ============LICENSE_END=========================================================
# Spring profile configuration for sasl ssl Kafka
spring:
kafka:
bootstrap-servers: ${KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVER}
security:
protocol: SASL_SSL
ssl:
trust-store-type: JKS
trust-store-location: ${KAFKA_SSL_TRUST_STORE_LOCATION}
trust-store-password: ${KAFKA_SSL_TRUST_STORE_PASSWORD}
properties:
sasl.mechanism: SCRAM-SHA-512
sasl.jaas.config: ${KAFKA_SASL_JAAS_CONFIG}
ssl.endpoint.identification.algorithm:
Example Kafka Producer Implementation from CPS-NCMP
Example Kafka Producer Implementation Expand source
/*
* ============LICENSE_START=======================================================
* Copyright (c) 2021 Bell Canada.
* ================================================================================
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
* ============LICENSE_END=========================================================
*/
package org.onap.cps.notification;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.NonNull;
import org.onap.cps.event.model.CpsDataUpdatedEvent;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.KafkaTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@Slf4j
public class NotificationPublisher {
private KafkaTemplate<String, CpsDataUpdatedEvent> kafkaTemplate;
private String topicName;
/**
* Create an instance of Notification Publisher.
*
* @param kafkaTemplate kafkaTemplate is send event using kafka
* @param topicName topic, to which cpsDataUpdatedEvent is sent, is provided by setting
* 'notification.data-updated.topic' in the application properties
*/
@Autowired
public NotificationPublisher(
final KafkaTemplate<String, CpsDataUpdatedEvent> kafkaTemplate,
final @Value("${notification.data-updated.topic}") String topicName) {
this.kafkaTemplate = kafkaTemplate;
this.topicName = topicName;
}
/**
* Send event to Kafka with correct message key.
*
* @param cpsDataUpdatedEvent event to be sent to kafka
*/
public void sendNotification(@NonNull final CpsDataUpdatedEvent cpsDataUpdatedEvent) {
final var messageKey = cpsDataUpdatedEvent.getContent().getDataspaceName() + ","
+ cpsDataUpdatedEvent.getContent().getAnchorName();
log.debug("Data Updated event is being sent with messageKey: '{}' & body : {} ",
messageKey, cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
kafkaTemplate.send(topicName, messageKey, cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
}
}
A JavaFuture,java.util.concurrent.Future, represents the result of an asynchronous computation. When the asynchronous task is created, a JavaFutureobject is returned. ThisFutureobject functions as a handle to the result of the asynchronous task. Once the asynchronous task completes, the result can be accessed via theFutureobject returned when the task was started
Java 8 introduced the CompletableFuture class.Along with theFutureinterface, it also implemented theCompletionStageinterface. This interface defines the contract for an asynchronous computation step that we can combine with other steps.
CompletableFutureis at the same time a building block and a framework, withabout 50 different methods for composing, combining, and executing asynchronous computation steps and handling errors.
Simple Future ExampleExpand source
CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
// Simulate a long-running Job
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
System.out.println("I'll run in a separate thread than the main thread.");
});
int number = 20;
Thread newThread = new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println("Factorial of " + number + " is: " + factorial(number));
});
newThread.start();
#
Type
Pros
Cons
Recommend
1
Future
Futures return value
Y
2
Thread
threads does not return anything as therun()method returnsvoid. We could possibly implement mechanism to trigger a response but this is unnecessary as futures do this
N
Request ID Generation
Type
Method
Ease of implementation
Decision
UUID
StringuniqueID= UUID.randomUUID().toString();
Easy
~
Custom
We generate our own (example exists in NCMP (notificationPublisher - confrm))
Medium
-
HTTP Request ID
Further investigation required
~
Kafka Event ID
Further investigation required
~
How do NCMP → CPS-Temporal perform ID Generation for Events?
NotificationServiceExpand source
/*
* ============LICENSE_START=======================================================
* Copyright (c) 2021 Bell Canada.
* ================================================================================
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
* ============LICENSE_END=========================================================
*/
package org.onap.cps.notification;
import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
@Slf4j
public class NotificationService {
private NotificationProperties notificationProperties;
private NotificationPublisher notificationPublisher;
private CpsDataUpdatedEventFactory cpsDataUpdatedEventFactory;
private NotificationErrorHandler notificationErrorHandler;
private List<Pattern> dataspacePatterns;
/**
* Create an instance of Notification Subscriber.
*
* @param notificationProperties properties for notification
* @param notificationPublisher notification Publisher
* @param cpsDataUpdatedEventFactory to create CPSDataUpdatedEvent
* @param notificationErrorHandler error handler
*/
public NotificationService(
final NotificationProperties notificationProperties,
final NotificationPublisher notificationPublisher,
final CpsDataUpdatedEventFactory cpsDataUpdatedEventFactory,
final NotificationErrorHandler notificationErrorHandler) {
log.info("Notification Properties {}", notificationProperties);
this.notificationProperties = notificationProperties;
this.notificationPublisher = notificationPublisher;
this.cpsDataUpdatedEventFactory = cpsDataUpdatedEventFactory;
this.notificationErrorHandler = notificationErrorHandler;
this.dataspacePatterns = getDataspaceFilterPatterns(notificationProperties);
}
private List<Pattern> getDataspaceFilterPatterns(final NotificationProperties notificationProperties) {
if (notificationProperties.isEnabled()) {
return Arrays.stream(notificationProperties.getFilters()
.getOrDefault("enabled-dataspaces", "")
.split(","))
.map(filterPattern -> Pattern.compile(filterPattern, Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
} else {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
}
/**
* Process Data Updated Event and publishes the notification.
*
* @param dataspaceName dataspace name
* @param anchorName anchor name
* @param observedTimestamp observedTimestamp
* @return future
*/
@Async("notificationExecutor")
public Future<Void> processDataUpdatedEvent(final String dataspaceName, final String anchorName,
final OffsetDateTime observedTimestamp) {
log.debug("process data updated event for dataspace '{}' & anchor '{}'", dataspaceName, anchorName);
try {
if (shouldSendNotification(dataspaceName)) {
final var cpsDataUpdatedEvent =
cpsDataUpdatedEventFactory.createCpsDataUpdatedEvent(dataspaceName, anchorName, observedTimestamp);
log.debug("data updated event to be published {}", cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
notificationPublisher.sendNotification(cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
}
} catch (final Exception exception) {
/* All the exceptions are handled to not to propagate it to caller.
CPS operation should not fail if sending event fails for any reason.
*/
notificationErrorHandler.onException("Failed to process cps-data-updated-event.",
exception, dataspaceName, anchorName);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(null);
}
/*
Add more complex rules based on dataspace and anchor later
*/
private boolean shouldSendNotification(final String dataspaceName) {
return notificationProperties.isEnabled()
&& dataspacePatterns.stream()
.anyMatch(pattern -> pattern.matcher(dataspaceName).find());
}
}
NotificationPublisherExpand source
/*
* ============LICENSE_START=======================================================
* Copyright (c) 2021 Bell Canada.
* ================================================================================
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
* ============LICENSE_END=========================================================
*/
package org.onap.cps.notification;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.NonNull;
import org.onap.cps.event.model.CpsDataUpdatedEvent;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.KafkaTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@Slf4j
public class NotificationPublisher {
private KafkaTemplate<String, CpsDataUpdatedEvent> kafkaTemplate;
private String topicName;
/**
* Create an instance of Notification Publisher.
*
* @param kafkaTemplate kafkaTemplate is send event using kafka
* @param topicName topic, to which cpsDataUpdatedEvent is sent, is provided by setting
* 'notification.data-updated.topic' in the application properties
*/
@Autowired
public NotificationPublisher(
final KafkaTemplate<String, CpsDataUpdatedEvent> kafkaTemplate,
final @Value("${notification.data-updated.topic}") String topicName) {
this.kafkaTemplate = kafkaTemplate;
this.topicName = topicName;
}
/**
* Send event to Kafka with correct message key.
*
* @param cpsDataUpdatedEvent event to be sent to kafka
*/
public void sendNotification(@NonNull final CpsDataUpdatedEvent cpsDataUpdatedEvent) {
final var messageKey = cpsDataUpdatedEvent.getContent().getDataspaceName() + ","
+ cpsDataUpdatedEvent.getContent().getAnchorName();
log.debug("Data Updated event is being sent with messageKey: '{}' & body : {} ",
messageKey, cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
kafkaTemplate.send(topicName, messageKey, cpsDataUpdatedEvent);
}
}
Async Request Option using Messaging (Out of Scope)
This was for a future completely message driven solution (for now we start with a REST request that will generate an async message eventually. In future we could also send a message that will trigger the same.
Webflux Investigation (Out of Scope)
This may need it's own study to determine improvements to operations like model sync.
There is a spike planned to further investigate reactive programming in cps-core.
Spring WebFlux is a web framework that’s built on top of Project Reactor, to give you asynchronous I/O, and allow your application to perform better. The original web framework included in the Spring Framework, Spring Web MVC, was purpose-built for the Servlet API and Servlet containers. The reactive-stack web framework, Spring WebFlux, was added later in version 5.0. It is fully non-blocking, supportsReactive Streamsback pressure, and runs on such servers as Netty, Undertow, and Servlet 3.1+ containers.
We suggest that you consider the following specific points:
If you have a Spring MVC application that works fine, there is no need to change. Imperative programming is the easiest way to write, understand, and debug code. You have maximum choice of libraries, since, historically, most are blocking.
In a microservice architecture, you can have a mix of applications with either Spring MVC or Spring WebFlux controllers or with Spring WebFlux functional endpoints. Having support for the same annotation-based programming model in both frameworks makes it easier to re-use knowledge while also selecting the right tool for the right job.
A simple way to evaluate an application is to check its dependencies. If you have blocking persistence APIs (JPA, JDBC) or networking APIs to use, Spring MVC is the best choice for common architectures at least. It is technically feasible with both Reactor and RxJava to perform blocking calls on a separate thread but you would not be making the most of a non-blocking web stack.
If you have a Spring MVC application with calls to remote services, try the reactiveWebClient. You can return reactive types (Reactor, RxJava,or other) directly from Spring MVC controller methods. The greater the latency per call or the interdependency among calls, the more dramatic the benefits. Spring MVC controllers can call other reactive components too.
If you have a large team, keep in mind the steep learning curve in the shift to non-blocking, functional, and declarative programming. A practical way to start without a full switch is to use the reactiveWebClient. Beyond that, start small and measure the benefits. We expect that, for a wide range of applications, the shift is unnecessary. If you are unsure what benefits to look for, start by learning about how non-blocking I/O works (for example, concurrency on single-threaded Node.js) and its effects.
Reactive web programming is great for applications that have streaming data, and clients that consume it and stream it to their users. It ain’t great for developing CRUD apps. If you want to develop a CRUD API, stick with Spring MVC.